115: Meet the Neighbors #1

Map of the Nanda Empire at its height via Wikimedia Commons

In a new recurring episode format, it’s time to meet the neighbors, specifically the Nanda Dynasty of India. Of course, India’s been here the whole time, but before Alexander the Great campaigns there in person, I should explain a bit about what was going on across the Indus River.
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114: The Age of Heroes

Humay Chehrzad, the Kayanian Queen, illustration by Jalal al-Din Mirza Jelveh Yazdi, 19th Century

After the conquests of Alexander the Great, the history of the Achaemenids slipped into legend, myth, and obscurity. By the 6th Century CE, the likes of Cyrus the Great, Darius the Great, Xerxes, and Artaxerxes had been all but forgotten in Iran. Instead, the Sassanid Persian Empire remembered the stories of great heroes from the Avesta, occupying the equivalent of the Achaemenids’ place in history.
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113: Alexander – King of the Monsters

Iskandar (Alexander) comforts the dying Dara (Darius III-ish), illustrated Shahnameh 1604

In the centuries following Alexander the Great’s conquest of the Persian Empire, Iranian cultural memory changed and shifted, often in strange and unexpected ways. Alexandros Megas ton Makedon was remembered as Gizistag Iskandar-i Rhomiyag – the Accursed Alexander of Rome.
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112: King Darius Escapes

The Punishment of Bessus by Andre Castaigne, 1899

In the final weeks of 331 BCE, Alexander the Great took Babylon, Susa, and Persepolis almost entirely unopposed. By May 330, he had claimed Ecbatana as well and sent Darius III fleeing toward Bactria, but discontent was growing in both armies, and ultimately Artaxerxes V, rather than Darius, would lead Achaemenid Persia’s final stand.
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111: The Man Who Could Walk Through Empires

Map of Alexander’s campaigns via Wikimedia Commons (special thanks to Umberto from So You Think You Can Rule Persia)

After Darius III’s defeat at Gaugamela, Alexander the Great tore through the Persian capitals, taking Babylon and Susa without a fight, and only stalling on his way to Persepolis during the Battle of the Persian Gates. The Macedonians reveled, Persepolis burned, and King Darius fled, ceding Ecbatana to the conqueror.
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109 From Outer Egypt

Alexander depicted with horns of Amun on a 3rd Century BCE coin, via Wikimedia Commons

Following his victory at Tyre, Alexander the Great proceeded to take Egypt without much of a fight, but while he was there, the Macedonian Monarch did some minor administrative work like establishing the city of Alexandria and getting himself proclaimed Son of Zeus-Ammon. Meanwhile, Darius III was bracing for his next grand battle with the invaders.
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108: Dr. Alexander’s Levant of Horrors

Modern satellite view of Tyre, showing the old island (left) connected to the mainland (right)

After the Battle of Issus, Alexander the Great and the Macedonian invasion force began working their way down the western coast of the Persian Empire while Parmenion raced through inland Syria. City after city surrendered without a fight until the Siege of Tyre, one of the most difficult battles in Alexander’s career.
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